Reusing water is mandatory in regions where water scarcity is due to climatic conditions, but also it offers the opportunity to mitigate water pollution by reducing the discharge of wastewater to natural surface waters.

The field of nanotechnology has diversified into different areas of research, from materials science to biotechnology. Many of these applications are based on the capability to fabricate or manipulate nanostructured materials.

Structural studies of polymers are vital, since the application of polymer materials range from micellar drug carriers to bulletproof vests. Their exquisite molecular architecture provides polymers with a variety of unique properties.

Sophisticated, high-performing technology often requires electrical components with advanced material properties . For example, TiO2 thin film, a versatile compound, is widely used as a charge selective transport layer in solar cells and as a high capacit

Since the development of Atomic Force Microscopy (AFM), several measurement modes have been developed to characterize electrical, mechanical, magnetic, and thermal properties.